We've only tried it with the USB-C connector, and we assume it'd work similarly with the motherboard USB header.
Yes, the Extreme edition will be perfect for you. Just make sure you evaluate the Waveshare module (as soon as you receive a firmware update) properly to make sure you get what you're looking for.
BTW, the "Error: Get device message failed" error message indicates that your device doesn't respond to the commands related to the new JPEG image transfer protocol. This is a comment for other users, mostly, as you correctly pinned down the issue 🙂